Syllabus

Title
4875 The US and EU Financial Systems - A Comparative Analysis
Instructors
Prof. Gary C. Zimmerman, MA,BA
Type
PI
Weekly hours
2
Language of instruction
Englisch
Registration
01/26/22 to 02/06/22
Registration via LPIS
Notes to the course
Dates
Day Date Time Room
Thursday 03/03/22 06:00 PM - 08:30 PM Online-Einheit
Thursday 03/10/22 06:00 PM - 08:30 PM Online-Einheit
Thursday 03/17/22 06:00 PM - 08:30 PM Online-Einheit
Thursday 03/24/22 06:00 PM - 08:30 PM Online-Einheit
Thursday 03/31/22 06:00 PM - 08:30 PM Online-Einheit
Thursday 04/07/22 06:00 PM - 08:30 PM Online-Einheit
Thursday 04/21/22 06:00 PM - 08:30 PM Online-Einheit
Thursday 04/28/22 06:00 PM - 08:30 PM Online-Einheit
Thursday 05/05/22 06:00 PM - 08:30 PM Online-Einheit
Contents
  • The course, taught by a retired Federal Reserve economist and long-time visiting professor at the WU, provides a broad overview of some of the key banking and financial intermediaries and financial markets in the U.S. and European Union (EU) and Euro Area (or EA), that includes 19 nations of the EU that use the euro as currency. We will examine the major lines of business (products) for key financial intermediaries (banking, insurance, pensions, investment, etc.,) and how that determines their portfolio composition (assets and liabilities) and earnings, and the types of risks and competition these institutions face. We will analyze several key financial markets in the U.S. and EU. We also will explore why these institutions and markets are important to their respective economies, and in most cases, to the global financial system.

 

  • The performance of several major financial intermediaries and financial markets had a great impact on the economy, during and after the financial crisis, the Great Recession, and the long and moderate recovery. We will look at the functions of the key short-term money markets (Treasury bills, interbank loans, commercial paper, foreign exchange, etc.,) and long-term capital markets (Treasury bonds, corporate bonds, stocks, and mortgage-backed securities). We will examine the key financial system roles of these important financial intermediaries and institutions (including commercial banks, insurance companies, pension funds, mutual funds, investment companies, and briefly introduce the venture capital and hedge funds industries).  Financial institutions and markets also have been stressed and tested in the pandemic.

 

  • Finally, the course will highlight some of the important similarities, as well as differences, in both financial institutions and financial markets between the U.S. (more direct financial intermediation through financial markets) and European economies (more intermediation through multi-line (universal) banking institutions). We also will examine some of the challenges the two financial systems may face in the years ahead, including any repercussions to the UK and EU from the 2016 ‘Brexit’ vote in the UK, or “trade wars” or other “shocks” to the financial system in 2019, 2020, and 2021, including the 2020-2022 CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC.
Learning outcomes

Students will learn the basics about key financial markets and financial institutions in the U.S. and EU. They will understand the business focus and key products of important financial institutions and how that affects their assets and liabilities, and the types of risk they face. Students will learn how key money and capital markets operate in the EU and the US financial systems, and how the financial system makes an important contribution to the economy's performance.

Students will understand how the 2007-2009 global financial crisis affected critical financial intermediaries and financial markets, as well as the US, EU, and global economies. We will also discuss how uncertainty in the global financial system in 2018-2020, including uncertainty arising from the ‘Brexit’ vote in the UK and global trade wars may be affecting the financial system and the real economy. More recently, the coronavirus pandemic has had dramatic impacts on the global economy that also may impact the financial system. We also will examine how these financial markets and institutions faced challenges as central banks “normalizing” monetary policy by raising interest rates and shrinking the size of their (the Fed or the ECB, for example) balance sheets, and how the financial markets and institutions are challenged by monetary policy actions by central banks that are designed to counteract the negative impacts of the global pandemic on their respective economies, including resurgence in inflation following the onset of the COVID Crisis on supply chains and global economies.

Attendance requirements

This will be a distance learning course.

A passing grade requires missing no more than three classes (3 of 8 classes or 7.5 I out of 20 class hours) without pre-approval from the instructor.

Teaching/learning method(s)

Teaching and learning will be primarily through lectures (posted on WULearn, several lectures per week, for eight weeks beginning the first week of MARCH and continuing through the first week of MAY)), assigned readings & videos, students' participation and discussions in weekly ZOOM Sessions, and on WULearn CHAT & FORUMS, and a class project on a specific financial institution or market topic selected by the student.

Students will be assigned a short paper (around 750-to-1,000 words), that will be due after completion of the lectures and the take-home final examination,due by Email by Sunday, 15 MAY 2022.  Students may work in teams of two (with instructor approval) on the papers. 

Assessment

FINAL EXAM: (50%)
Students will be required to complete a comprehensive take-home-final examination that will be distributed after the completion of lectures. It will be distributed in at the end of April, and will be due to Mr. Zimmerman on Sunday, 8 MAY  2022, by EMAIL in PDF or Word format.

The Exam will be comprehensive and cover materials from the lecture slides, readings, current articles, videos, homework, other course content, chats, forum contents, and Zoom-type sessions.

NOTE: The WU uses plagiarism software to discourage copying!

 

CLASS PROJECT (40%):
Short PAPER on a financial system topic. (Length of 750-to-1,000 words.) Due as PDF or Word File by EMAIL to Mr. Zimmerman on Sunday, 15 MAY 2022.


NOTE: The WU uses plagiarism software to discourage copying!

 

CLASS PARTICIPATION: (10%)
The remaining 10% of the course grade will be class participation. Participation in the DISTANCE LEARNING COURSE will be monitored by participation in ZOOM Sessions (asking and answering questions!), and on WULearn CHAT & WULearn FORUMS. Your questions and comments are important! I will track participation during the course from your email questions, ZOOM participation (questions, comments, discussions, etc...), and CHAT & FORUM participation.

Readings
1 Author: Levinson, Marc
Title:

Guide to Financial Markets -- Why they exist and how they work.


Publisher: Public Affairs, New York
Edition: 7th or later
Remarks: Recommended but not mandatory. Nice supplement to many lectures. (available online at under $20…)
Year: 2018
Content relevant for class examination: Yes
Recommendation: Strongly recommended (but no absolute necessity for purchase)
Type: Book
Availability of lecturer(s)

Prof. Gary C. Zimmerman, MA, BA:

PLEASE USE BOTH EMAILS when emailing! One or the other is occasionally not available to me, so please use both to communicate with me & to submit the exam & paper.  

Gary.C.Zimmerman.WU@gmail.com                          gzimmer@wu.ac.at

OFFICE HOURS: For this “Distance Learning” Semester, there will be NO OFFICE HOURS.  
Mr. Zimmerman will be available through EMAIL, during Zoom Lectures, and through the WULearn CHAT and FORUM facilities. Use of the CHAT & FORUM facilities are very helpful for questions about course content, since they will be available to all class members.

 
For ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS please contact Program Managers in the International Office: coursesinenglish@wu.ac.at.

Other

Final Exam:  Take Home, Due on Sunday, 8 May 2022

Short Paper: Due on Sunday, 15 May 2022

Unit details
Unit Date Contents
1

Introduction, course overview, requirements, and grading.

How financial intermediation works: Roles of savers and borrowers.

  • Concepts: Interest rates, time preference, risk, diversification
  • Concepts: Specialization, portfolios, earnings, regulation
  • Concepts: Intermediation and disintermediation
  • Concept: Yield Curves!

Contribution of financial systems to the economy.

  • Flow of funds from savers to investors
  • Role of investment in the economy: Productivity and growth
  • Roles of central banks (CB); monetary policy, regulations, payments

Financial intermediation via different channels:

  • Financial intermediaries (FI) (dominate form in European economies)
  • Financial markets (FM) (dominate form in the U.S. economy)

SLIDES REVIEWING class project (paper) topics.

2

Introduction to key financial intermediaries:

Commercial bank-types (saving via deposits, lending, transactions services)

  • U.S. banking industry tends to be more “banking” focused
  • European banking industry tends to be dominated by large “Universal” banks that provide a wider range of financial services, beyond just banking
  • Both generate large pools of funds by taking deposits: use those funds to make loans

Investment banks (play a key role in marketing and sales of new issues of stocks and bonds, even mortgage-backed securities! Lots of risk in this business!)

Insurance companies (insuring against a variety of risks or events, like life insurance, property and casualty insurance, financial risks… Predictability!)

  • Build large pools of funds that are available to pay off following losses
  • Large and important participants in the financial markets

Pension funds (vehicles for long term savings that accumulate large pools of funds)

  • Both private and public pensions funds are important to financial markets
  • Generate large pools of funds as workers save and pension funds invest those funds until they are needed by retirees
  • UNDERFUNDED?  What is an underfunded pension fund?  What are the risks?  How might underfunding happen?   

Investment-related funds (savings that are placed in mutual funds that are mostly invested in stocks and bonds, money market funds that invest in very short-term money market instruments, venture capital that invests in startups, hedge funds that generate large pools of funds from high net worth investors…)

  • Often ‘market-return’ savings vehicles, these intermediaries invest directly in financial markets, and usually are not part of the “banking” system. Risks?
  • Playing a growing role today. Sometimes referred to as ‘shadow banking’

Basics of balance sheet and income statements for financial intermediaries

  • We will review the industry-level balance sheets for key types of intermediaries
  • Efficiency and overhead (Can “bricks and mortar” banks with offices compete with online intermediaries? Role of non-interest income & fees and expenses)!
  • Risk and returns (higher return - more risk!) (Business risk, portfolio risk, funding or liquidity risk, interest rate risk, default risk…How to balance them!)
  • Retail funds (generally have higher overhead costs, but are more stable, less interest sensitive sources of funds) Retail deposit insurance avoids runs.
  • Wholesale funds (large volume, but funds will move quickly with market returns and risk concerns) During the financial crisis, some of these markets ‘froze up’ causing major financial and economic disruptions. No deposit insurance on these large deposits or borrowings!
3

FINANCIAL MARKETS dominate in the US financial system, where permitted (by regulations) banking activities historically have been more narrowly defined in the US than in Europe.

Key financial markets and their role the economy.

Key financial markets – Money (short-term or under a year, like LIBOR or fed funds, Treasury bills) and Capital (longer-term, or a year or longer) markets, including government & corporate bonds, stocks or equities, mortgage-backed securities, etc.

  • Major U.S. financial markets & centers (think, New York, Chicago, etc.)
  • Major EU financial markets & centers (think, London, Frankfurt, etc.) (Post-BREXIT?)
  • Major Global financial markets & centers (Tokyo, Shanghai, etc.)

Derivative securities: important part of the financial system today, they also played a key role in the financial crisis in 2008.

4

How the global financial crisis affected financial intermediaries & markets

Risk taking after the crisis – increased demand for liquidity and capital, and less appetite for risk. Partly market driven, partly regulatory driven. Major impacts!

  • Default or credit risk (Did you price the risk appropriately? Will you be repaid? On time? Did you take enough collateral to avoid a loss? How long until you collect?)
  • Liquidity risk (Can you borrow if you need to do so? At an affordable interest rate? If not, what happens? If you can’t borrow, hoard liquidity!)
  • Interest rate risk (Can you make money if interests rates change? Or the yield curve shifts or moves? What determines the repricing of your assets and liabilities?)
  • What is a “Stress Test?”
  • How does the real economy affect the financial system and vice versa? A virus?
5

Challenges facing financial institutions and markets in the US and EU

Summary: Importance of financial institutions and markets

Review of concepts, intermediaries, and markets. Including Q&A.

Final Exam: Due on SUNDAY, 8 MAY 2022, comprehensive exam.

(Submit in pdf or Word format) (50% of course grade))

6

Short papers Due: (Submit in pdf or Word format) by email to both email addresses, 

by Sunday, 15 MAY 2022. (40% of course grade)


(REMINDER: Remaining 10 % of course grade will be based on your participation in

Zoom Sessions, as well as through CHAT & FORUM Participation.)

Last edited: 2022-01-26



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